III. Boosting Human Rights with Development and Securing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

　　三、以发展促人权增进经济社会文化权利

　　In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, China is committed to boosting human rights with development and securing economic, social, cultural, educational and environmental rights. As a result, its people now lead more prosperous, secure, harmonious and happier lives.

　　在全面建成小康社会进程中，中国坚持以发展促人权，推动全面落实经济社会权利、文化教育权利以及生态环境权利，人民生活更加富足安康、和谐幸福。

　　1. Putting Life First in Fighting Covid-19

　　1.疫情防控奉行生命至上

　　The Covid-19 pandemic is the most serious global health emergency in a century. Facing this crisis, China has put the people's interests first – nothing is more precious than people's lives. It has adopted thorough, rigorous and effective prevention and control measures, regardless of huge economic and social costs. It has turned the tide in the battle against the virus and safeguarded people's lives and health.

　　新冠肺炎疫情是百年以来人类经历的最严重的全球公共卫生突发事件。中国坚持人民至上、生命至上，不惜付出巨大经济社会代价，在疫情暴发之初就采取最全面最严格最有力的防控措施，有力扭转了疫情局势，维护人民生命安全和身体健康。

　　In the early days of the epidemic, China mobilized the whole nation and carried out a campaign to save lives on an unprecedented scale. It pooled the best doctors, the most advanced equipment, and critical supplies from across the country to aid Hubei Province, especially its capital city of Wuhan.

　　疫情暴发初期，中国举全国之力实施了规模空前的生命大救援，从全国调集最优秀的医生、最先进的设备、最急需的资源千里驰援武汉市和湖北省。

　　From January 24 to March 8, 2020, it rallied 346 national medical teams, consisting of 42,600 medical workers and more than 900 public health professionals to the immediate aid of Hubei; it mobilized 40,000 construction workers and a huge array of machinery and equipment to build the 1,000-bed Huoshenshan Hospital in 10 days, the 1,600-bed Leishenshan Hospital in 12 days, and 16 temporary treatment centers providing more than 14,000 beds in just over 10 days. Across Hubei, more than 3,000 patients over the age of 80, including seven centenarians, were cured, with many of them brought back to life from the verge of death. This fully demonstrated that the state respects and protects each and every life.

　　2020年1月24日至3月8日，全国共调集346支国家医疗队、4.26万名医务人员、900多名公共卫生人员驰援湖北;紧急调集4万名建设者和几千台机械设备，分别仅用十多天时间就建成了有1000张病床的火神山医院、有1600张病床的雷神山医院和共有1.4万余张床位的16座方舱医院。湖北省共成功治愈3000余位80岁以上、7位百岁以上患者，多位重症老年患者都是从死亡线上抢救回来，充分体现了对每一个生命的尊重和保护。

　　China did everything possible to treat all patients. The government promptly adopted policies to subsidize medical expenses for Covid-19 to ensure that patients could receive timely treatment and that medical institutions could proceed smoothly with admission and treatment. They proved to be very effective in raising the cure rate and lowering the fatality rate.

　　全力以赴救治患者，不遗漏每一个感染者，不放弃每一位病患者，及时出台救治费用保障政策，确保患者不因费用问题影响就医、医疗机构不因费用问题影响收治，最大程度提高了治愈率，降低了病亡率。

　　China has combined ongoing targeted control and local emergency response, and consolidated the gains in its fight against Covid-19. It is making every effort to vaccinate its people and moving faster to form nationwide immunity.

　　坚持常态化精准防控和局部应急处置有机结合，不断巩固疫情防控成果。大力推进新冠疫苗接种，加快构筑免疫屏障。

　　2. Ensuring Equitable and Accessible Health Services

　　2.卫生健康服务公平可及

　　Prosperity for all is impossible without health for all. China gives top priority to improving its people's health. It is carrying out the Healthy China initiative and has worked out action plans to ensure that basic public health services are inclusive and efficient, and to make health and medical services more equitable, accessible, convenient and affordable.

　　没有全民健康，就没有全面小康。中国把人民健康放在优先发展的战略位置，实施健康中国战略，推进健康中国行动，推行普惠高效的基本公共卫生服务，不断提升医疗卫生服务的公平性、可及性、便利性和可负担性。

　　A basic public health services system is in place. The number of medical and health institutions in China, including hospitals, grassroots medical institutions and specialized public health institutions, increased from 170,000 in 1978 to over 1 million in 2020. A public health services system consisting of various specialized institutions has taken shape, providing disease prevention and control, health education, maternal and child health care, mental health care, emergency response, blood collection and supply, health inspection, and other services.

　　公共卫生服务体系基本形成。全国医疗卫生机构(包含医院、基层医疗机构、专业公共卫生机构)由1978年的17万个大幅增长到2020年的102.3万个。包括疾病预防控制、健康教育、妇幼保健、精神卫生防治、应急救治、采供血、卫生监督等各种专业机构在内的公共卫生服务体系基本形成。公共卫生服务范围不断扩大。

　　The range of public health services is expanding. Free basic public health services increased from nine categories in 2010 to 12 categories in 2020, spanning the entire life cycle. The state promotes many preventive services, such as screening for stroke and cardiovascular disease risk, comprehensive oral disease prevention and intervention, and early screening and treatment of cancer. China's capacity to prevent and control chronic illnesses has improved remarkably. Major infectious diseases have been effectively contained. By raising the vaccination rates under the national immunization program, China eradicated polio in 2000 and neonatal tetanus in 2012. It eliminated malaria in 2020 and was awarded a malaria-free certification from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021. The spread of HIV remains at a low level, and the cure rate of tuberculosis is maintained at over 90 percent.

　　城乡居民免费享受的基本公共卫生服务项目由2010年的9类扩展到2020年的12类，项目内容覆盖居民生命的全过程。持续实施脑卒中、心血管疾病高危筛查、口腔疾病综合干预、癌症早诊早治等项目，慢性病防控效果显著增强。主要传染性疾病得到有效遏制。通过提升免疫规划疫苗接种率，中国在2000年消灭了脊髓灰质炎，在2012年消除了新生儿破伤风，在2020年消除了疟疾，2021年被世界卫生组织认证为无疟疾国家。艾滋病整体疫情控制在低流行水平，结核病成功治疗率保持在90%以上。

　　China's medical services system has been improving. The country is committed to building an integrated medical services system of high quality and efficiency and improving the availability and accessibility of medical resources. As a result, public satisfaction with medical services is rising notably.

　　医疗卫生服务体系不断健全。中国致力于建立优质高效的整合型医疗卫生服务体系，改善医疗卫生资源的可及性和便利性，提高医疗服务质量和效率，居民就医感受明显改善。

　　In 2020, the number of beds in medical institutions across the country reached 9.1 million, including 7.1 million beds in hospitals and 1.4 million in township-level health centers. There were 10.7 million health professionals, including 4.1 million licensed doctors and assistant doctors and 4.7 million registered nurses. That year recorded 7.8 billion medical visits. The rate of prenatal care was 96.8 percent, and the rate of hospital deliveries reached 99.9 percent.

　　2020年，全国医疗卫生机构床位总数达911万张，其中医院713万张，乡镇卫生院139万张;卫生技术人员总数达1066万人，其中执业医师和执业助理医师408万人，注册护士471万人;全年总诊疗人次78.2亿人次，孕产妇产前检查率达96.8%，住院分娩率为99.9%。

　　China provides a reasonable distribution of medical resources. It is building a tiered treatment system featuring primary treatment at the community level, flexible inter-hospital patient transfer, differentiated treatment for acute and chronic illnesses, and coordination across different levels. It has put an end to the practice of hospitals subsidizing their medical services with drug sales and established a system of essential medicines. All government-funded medical institutions across the country are supplied with essential medicines, which are guaranteed to meet priority health care needs and sold with zero markup.

　　合理配置医疗资源，构建“基层首诊、双向转诊、急慢分治、上下联动”的分级诊疗服务体系。取消以药补医机制，建立基本药物制度，各级各类公立医疗机构全面配备优先使用基本药物，实行零差率销售。

　　Public health indicators are steadily improving. The core health indicators of the Chinese have generally surpassed the average level of middle- and high-income countries. The average life expectancy in China rose from 67.8 years in 1981 to 77.3 years in 2019. Infant mortality declined from 37.6 per 1,000 in the early days of reform and opening up to 5.4 per 1,000 in 2020; and maternal mortality dropped from 43.2 per 100,000 in 2002 to 16.9 per 100,000 in 2020. In recognition of its achievements, China has been hailed by the WHO as a role model for developing countries and a fast-track country in improving maternal and child health.

　　人民健康指标稳步改善。居民主要健康指标总体上优于中高收入国家平均水平。中国人均预期寿命从1981年的67.8岁增长到2019年的77.3岁。婴儿死亡率从改革开放初期的37.6‰下降到2020年的5.4‰。孕产妇死亡率从2002年的43.2/10万下降到2020年的16.9/10万，被世界卫生组织誉为“发展中国家的典范”“妇幼健康高绩效国家”。

　　The Law on the Promotion of Basic Medical and Health Care has been adopted and implemented, providing a legal guarantee for comprehensive health care for the full life cycle and for the Healthy China initiative. With steady social and economic improvement, the state devotes itself to helping citizens develop healthy lifestyles. A social atmosphere has taken shape where both urban and rural residents do regular exercise in their spare time and pay attention to a healthy diet.

　　基本医疗卫生与健康促进法通过并实施，为全方位全周期维护人民健康、实施健康中国战略提供法治保障。随着经济社会的发展，国家不断引导居民形成健康的生活方式。城乡居民在工作之余锻炼身体、关注饮食健康已经成为普遍的社会风气。

　　3. Upgrading the Quality of Life

　　3.生活质量显著提高

　　Incomes continue to rise. For four decades, China's economy has been growing steadily. From 1978 to 2020, the country's per capita GDP increased from RMB385 to RMB72,000. In 2020, the average per capita disposable income was RMB32,189. Consumption patterns are improving. In 2020, the Engel coefficient was 30.2 percent, down 33.7 percentage points from 1978. Housing conditions have improved markedly. In 2019, the per capita floor space of urban residents was 39.8 sq m, up from 4.2 sq m in 1978, and that of rural residents was 48.9 sq m, up from 8.1 sq m in 1978. Urban park green space per capita increased from 1.5 sq m in 1981 to 14.36 sq m in 2019. Construction projects have been launched to provide affordable housing to urban residents, helping nearly 200 million poor people improve their housing conditions.

　　居民收入水平持续提升。中国经济长期持续稳定增长，人均国内生产总值从1978年的385元增至2020年的72000元。2020年，全国居民人均可支配收入达到32189元。居民消费结构日益优化。2020年全国居民恩格尔系数为30.2%，比1978年降低33.7个百分点。基本居住条件显著改善。城镇居民人均住房建筑面积从1978年的4.2平方米增长到2019年的39.8平方米;农村居民人均住房建筑面积从1978年的8.1平方米增长到2019年的48.9平方米。城市人均公园绿地面积从1981年的1.5平方米增长到2019年的14.36平方米。实施城镇保障性安居工程，帮助约2亿困难群众改善了住房条件。交通基础网络日益完善，人民出行更加安全便利。

　　China's transport infrastructure network has been improving steadily, resulting in more convenient and safer public transport. By the end of 2020, the country's rail length had grown to 146,000 km, and high-speed rail had reached 38,000 km; road length had increased to 5.2 million km, including 161,000 km of expressways; urban rail transit had reached 7,355 km.

　　截至2020年，全国铁路运营里程达14.6万公里，其中高速铁路运营里程3.8万公里。公路总里程达519.81万公里，其中高速公路里程16.1万公里。城市轨道交通运营里程达7354.7公里。信息化生活品质大幅提升。

　　The availability of IT applications has improved greatly. The Chinese government makes great efforts to develop new types of infrastructure to ensure that the people benefit more from the use of information technology. In 2020, every 100 people had 113.9 mobile phones; internet usage was 70.4 percent nationwide and 55.9 percent in rural areas. By June 2021, 847,000 5G base stations had been built and put into operation across the country. New business forms represented by online shopping are thriving. In 2020, there were 782 million online shoppers, accounting for 79.1 percent of all internet users, and nationwide online retail sales reached RMB11.8 trillion, up 10.9 percent from 2019.

　　中国政府大力实施新型基础设施建设，让人民群众享受更多的信息化发展成果。2020年，全国移动电话普及率达113.9部/百人;互联网普及率达70.4%，其中农村地区互联网普及率为55.9%。截至2021年6月，全国已建设开通5G基站84.7万个。互联网在线购物等消费新业态蓬勃发展。2020年，全国网络购物用户规模达7.82亿，占网民整体的79.1%;全国网络零售额11.76万亿元，比2019年增长10.9%。

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