华慧考博：如何利用词汇关联解完形

语境是人们在语言交际中理解和运用语言所依赖的各种表现为言辞的上下文或不表现为言辞的主观因素。文章作为一个具有内在联系的整体，上下文便是营造语境的基础，也是逻辑推理的依据。任何一空，上下文中必有依据，只不过上下文有远有近，语境有大有小。这里我们需要重点分析上下文中的线索词（clue word），即词汇复现和同现，复现通常表现为上下义词（或表达）、近义词（或表达）以及较少情况下的反义词（或表达），而同现偏指语义场同现。

就线索词而言，我们先举例作简单说明：

例1：He is just new here, so he has few friends here.

例2：Usually he is very busy, but today he is free.

【分析】通过以上举例可知，例1中前后两个分句为因果关联，few为new的线索词，“初来乍到”的结果是“几乎没什么朋友”；例2中前后两个分句为转折关系，busy为free的线索词，“通常情况下他很忙”是前提，“今天他有空”便是与之相对的个例。

那么，下面我们将以历年真题为例，详细讲解某一语境下词汇（或表达）的复现与同现如果辅助解题。

1.复现

（1）原词复现

原词复现指同一主题词或关键词重复出现。

例：Changes in the social structure may indirectly __9__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __10__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __11__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __12__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also __13__ changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; __14__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __15__ was common in the traditional family __16__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.

16. A. system        B. structure        C. concept           D. heritage

【分析】根据第二段末句中juvenile crime rates可关联至第一段首句，并得出“社会结构的变化可能直接影响青少年犯罪率”这一观点，接着由“for example”开始就“changes in the economy”进行举例，而第二段首句中“also”一词暗示“changes in families”与“changes in the economy”并列，同属于“social structure”范畴。而在第二段接下来的详细阐述中，就单亲或双职工家庭与传统双亲家庭这两类家庭结构进行对比，因而第16空可参考第一段首句中“social structure”一词，而structure属于原词复现。

（2）同义或近义词（或表达）重现

同义或近义词重现指同义词、近义词重复出现在同一语篇中，从而达到句子间相互衔接的效果。

例：  5  everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates  6  anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million.   7   the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is   8  . One of the federal government’s studies   9   that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.

Finding ways to   10   this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 

8. A. inflating    B. expanding C. increasing    D. extending

【分析】第一段围绕无家可归者的人数展开，第二段接着论述如何应对这一问题。第8空所填动词应当描述人数的变化，依据600,000、3 million和19 million这三个数字，联系第二段首句中的“this growing homeless population”，选项中increasing为growing的近义词，故选C。

（3）反义词复现

例1：  6   , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the   7  . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter  8   muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.

8. A. hardens    B. weakens    C. tightens       D. relaxes

【分析】这两句之间的逻辑关系为“陈述论点+论据阐述”，第一句理论，第二句以过往研究结果为例充当论据说明。“instead of straining muscles”暗示“笑容能够放松肌肉”，即第8空所选动词应为“strain”的反义词，故选D。

例2：These facts,   14   , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been   15   to social effects, such as a strong tradition of    16   education. The latter was seen as a (an)    17    of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately   18  .

18. A. linked       B. integrated     C. woven        D. combined

【分析】所截取片段首句“These facts have previously been thought unrelated人们曾认为这些事实之间没有关联”，之后“The former”指上文中的“This group generally do well in IQ test”，“The latter”指上文中的“They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases”，分别分析导致这两项结果的原因。第18空所在句借Dr. Cochran的观点重申这两者的关系，联系“previously”与“intimately”，可知此处最有可能是对之前的观点进行反驳，与“unrelated”相对，故选A。

（4）上下义词重现

上义词是对事物的概括性、抽象性说明；下义词是事物的具体表现形式或更为具体的说明。两者之间为共性与个性的关系，例如：organ为上义词，其下义词包括heart、lung、liver、eye、nose等；fruit为上义词，其下义词包括apple、pear、watermelon等。

例：Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened __1__ . As was discussed before, it was not __2__ the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic __3__, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the __4__ of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution __5__ up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading __6__ through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures __7__ the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in __8__ . It is important to do so.

3. A. means B. method    C. medium  D. measure

【分析】标记该段中线索词“television”、“the diffusion of printing”、“the newspaper”和“the communications revolution”，可知本段主要描述了各种信息交流工具的更迭。第3空所在句意为“报纸成为占主导地位的前电子时期______”，可以推测该处应填入“newspaper”的上义词，即“medium媒介”，故选C。

2.同现

同现是指相关联的词汇构成语义场出现在上下文中，使整个语篇和谐、得体、连贯、通顺。例如，当我们看到“court”这个词的时候，会自然联想到“judge, law, suit, trial, crime, legal”等词汇。

例：The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted    3    1932 unique subjects which    __4    pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both    __5   .

5. A. tests   B. objects C. samples D. examples

【分析】题干中“study”、“analysis”和“subjects”构成了一个语义场。根据句意可知，该研究选取了1932位实验被试者，将其分为多对“unrelated friends”和“unrelated strangers”进行分析，意味着会分为两组进行比较，这也对应了下一句中的“both”一词。而第5空所在句意为“同一个人会出现在两份______中”，我们能够自然联想到在所有被试者中，同一个人将会与其“unrelated friends”和“unrelated strangers”进行对比分析，从而形成两组被研究对象，我们称之为“样本”，故第5题选C。

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