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大连工业大学2018年博士研究生招生考博英语真题
各位考生，2019年全国各大院校博士招生将陆续展开。华慧考博为大家提供2019年各大院校博士招生简章、考博招生专业目录等招生信息。如对考博备考有任何疑问，华慧考博还为广大考生提供了考博英语历年真题、部分考博院校专业课真题以及其他考博备考资料。如有需要，请大家关注华慧考博频道或者咨询华慧考博官方电话（ＱＱ同步）4006224468以下是大连工业大学2019年博士研究生招生简章，内容如下：
| 注意：本试题共 四 道大题，满分100分，答题时间为3小时，所有答案均应写在由考场发给的专用答题纸上，答在其它地方为无效。 Part One Vocabulary and Structure (15 points ) Directions : In this section, there are 30 uncompleted sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices to fill in the blanks. Then write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. Excellent films are those which _____ national and cultural barriers. A. transcend B. traverse C. abolish D. suppress 2. The _____ of the word is unknown, but it is certainly not from Greek. A. origin B. generation C. descent D. cause 3. As a lawyer ___ for his good judgment and eloquence, he is often invited to those grand banquets and meets those distinguished people from all circles.
present was _____.
passed from one person to another.
while it is permitted in some other states.
A. advocate B. adjoin C. adore D. addict 8. She didn’t openly attack the plan, but her opposition was _____ in her failure to say anything in support of it.
A. designed B. designated C. diverted D. diagnosed 10. It makes me _____ when people don’t listen, and then ask silly questions. A. furious B. generous C. mysterious D. suspicious 11. Most of the rubbish that we usually _____ of can be recycled. A. disposed B. discharge C. dispatch D. dissolve 12. The ____of electrical energy into thermal energy is a process that is easily carried out at 100% efficiency. A. conversion B. convention C. conversation D. version 13. When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite ____ qualified sources of information and examples. A. unbiased B. manipulated C. distorted D. conveyed 14. The train came to a/an ____ stop, making many passengers fall off their seats. A. hasty B. incidental C. swift D. abrupt 15. It is often difficult to _____ between a mere exaggeration and a deliberately lying. A. disguise B. cultivate C. originate D. discriminate 16. Everyone has a legal ____ to provide the tax office with details of their earnings. A. refinement B. constriction C. obligation D. impulsion 17. It goes without saying that people who refuse to _____ with the law will be punished. A. conceal B. consent C. abide D. comply 18. This diploma is important , which ___ that you have completed high school. A. amplifies B. certifies C. clarifies D. magnifies 19. Despite warnings from his parents and teacher, Stevenson is ____ to computer games. A. activated B. adhered C. addicted D. appealed 20. In general , the ____ amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total for living expenses. A. acceptable B. advisable C. available D. applicable 21. Remember to ask for a ____ of quality for these goods; otherwise they will not offer any maintenance. A. warranty B. promise C. certificate D. receipt 22. To ensure its sustained progress in economy, the government has ____ a series of policies. A. reserved B. issued C. delivered D. expressed 23. A product is to be regarded as being _____ when introduced into another country at less than its normal value. A. discharged B. discarded C. disposed D. dumped 24. It’s apparent that the wooden bridge is not strong enough to ____ the weight of a lorry. A. retain B. sustain C. obtain D. maintain 25. After his recovery from illness, he is determined to _____what he had been doing to attain the goal. A. assume B. consume C. presume D. resume 26. Reporters and photographers alike took great _____ at the rude way the actor behaved during the interview. A. annoyance B. offence C. resentment D. irritation 27. There are several possible explanation for the greater job ____ in Japan in contrast to the great job mobility in the United State. A. sensitivity B. creativity C. stability D. security 28. The prime minister’s proposal for new taxes created such a(an) ___that his government fell. A. sensation B. upheaval C. withdrawal D. outbreak 29. Wealthy nations have fallen far behind on their aid ____ to the world’s poor. A. commitments B. engagements C. responsibilities D. applications 30. Though it was less attractive, Ralph knew the metal box would be more ___than the wooden box. A. terminal B. durable C. persistent D. bearable Part Two Reading Comprehension (40 points) Directions : There are five reading passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Questions 31 to 34 are based on the following passage. The energy crisis , which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earth’s resources has brought the whole world to the brink of disaster. The over development of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to the near destruction of our cities. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis. Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious state, which endangers the future of our country, our children, and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems. This country has been falling back under the continuing exposures of loss of morality and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the highest places in the land. There is a strong demand for moral revival and for some devotion that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist the devotion of all. In the past it has been only in a way of defense of their own country and their own ideals that any people have been able to devote themselves wholeheartedly. This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of this planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need to reassess our present course, to change that course and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a priceless opportunity. To grasp it we need a widespread understanding of nature if the crisis confronting us—and the world—is a crisis that is no passing inconvenience , no by product of the ambitions of the oil producing countries, no environmentalists’ mere fears, no by product of any present system of government. What we face is the outcome of the invention of the last four hundred years. What we need is a transformed life style. This new life style can flow directly from science and technology, but its acceptance depends on a sincere devotion to finding a higher quality of life for the world’s children and future generation. 31. Which condition does the author feel has nearly destroyed our cities?
32. The author in the second paragraph states what we need in our present situation is _____.
______. A. significance of this crisis B. inadequacy of governments C. similarity of the past to the present D. hopelessness of the situation Passage Two Questions 35 to 38 are based on the following passage. Various innovations have been introduced as ways to break off our system which forces students through a serious of identical classrooms in which teachers do most of the talking and students have little opportunity to respond. Among these innovations are team teaching and teaching aides, non-graded elementary and secondary schools, independent study, curricula focused on helping students discover things for themselves rather than on trying to tell them everything, and schools designed for maximum flexibility so that students can work alone, or in small groups, or take part in large--group instruction via diverse media. The aim of all these innovations is to adapt instruction more precisely to the needs of each individual student. Many people who have a strong dislike to organizing instruction scientifically and to bringing new technology into the schools and colleges fail to realize that the present system is in many respects mechanical and rigid. The vast differences in the ways students learn are disregarded when they are taught the same thing, in the same way, at the same time. There is no escaping the evidence that many students themselves feel little enthusiasm and even outright hostility for the present way schools and colleges are organized and instruction is handled. Many of them resent technology, but what they object to is usually technology used as a means for handling a large number of students. Or it is programming which merely reproduces conventional classroom responds and learns , reaching new plateaus from which to climb to higher levels of understanding. Technological media can store information until it is needed or wanted. They can distribute it over distances to reach the students where he happens to be. They can present the information to the student through various senses. They can give the student the opportunity to react to the material in many ways. In short, the students’ opportunities for learning can be increased and enhanced by using a wide range of instructional technology. All the available resources for instruction, including the teachers, can work together to create conditions for maximum effective learning. 35. The author is mainly concerned with _____. A. providing the possibility for students to take the courses they want B. making technology an active tool in the school C. relieving the teacher from routine duties D. meeting the needs of each student 36. It can be inferred from the article that a good educational system must ____. A. not depend on teachers B. make use of varying methods of teaching C. place a renewed emphasis on science D. not organize their instruction 37. The negative reactions of students to technology are the result of ______. A. unknown factors B. a general hostility toward education C. its misuse D. its newness in the schools 38. All of the following are mentioned as a capability are the result of _____. A. make it easier for students to obtain needed information B. provide many ways of teaching the same thing C. make learning easy and fun D. provide students with enrollment exam Passage Three Questions 39 to 42 are based on the following passage. Many of the most flexible examples of tool use in animals come from primates ( the order that includes humans, apes and monkeys). For example, many wild primates use objects to threaten outsiders. But there are many examples of tool use by other mammals, as well as by birds and other types of animals. Tools are used by many species in the capture or preparation of food. Chimpanzees use sticks and poles to bring out ants and termites from their hiding places. Among the most complex tool use observed in the wild is the use of stones by Ivory Coast chimpanzees to crack nuts open. They select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a small stone as a hammer. Stones suitable or use as anvils are not easy to find, and often a chimpanzee may carry haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil. The use of tools in chimpanzees is especially interesting because these animals sometimes modify tools to make them better suited for their intended purpose. To make a twig more effective for digging out termites, for example, a chimp may first strip it of its leaves. Surprisingly , there is also a species of bird that uses sticks to probe holes in the search for insects. One of the species of Galapagos finch, the woodpecker finch, picks up or breaks off a twig, cactus spine, or leaf stem. This primitive tool is then held in the beak and used to probe for insects in holes in trees that the bird cannot probe directly with its beak. Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for prey. Tools may also be used for defense. Hermit crabs grab sea anemones with their claws and use them as weapons to repel their enemies. Studies have demonstrated that these crabs significantly improve their chances against predators such as octopus by means of this tactic. Also, many species of forest-dwelling primates defend themselves by throwing objects, including stones, at intruders. 39. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. Primates are superior to other animals in using tools. B. The use of stones as tools is similar across different animal species. C. Birds and primates use tools that are different from those of sea animals. D. Many animals have developed effective ways of using tools. 40. According to the passage, Ivory Coast chimpanzees are among the most remarkable of animal tool users because they _____.
the woodpecker finch?
octopus away by _____.
Passage Four Questions 43 to 46 are based on the following passage. A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, not a president’s social media platform. Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content started by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant. Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibilities for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing view-points,” the survey concluded. Such activity research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the university of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement. Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,”, more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief as Barna Group. So , when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills—and in their choices on when to share on social media. 43. According to the Paragraph 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on ___. A. the justification of the new-filtering practice B. people’s preference for social media platforms C. the administration’s ability to handle information D. social media as a reliable source of news 44. According to the Knight Foundation survey, young people ____. A. tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace B. verify news by referring to diverse resources C. have a strong sense of responsibility D. like to exchange views on “distributed trust” 45. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is ___. A. readers’ outdated values B. journalists’ biased reporting C. readers’ misinterpretation D. journalist’ made-up stories 46. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online. B. A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend. C. The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media. D. The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests. Passage Five Questions 47 to 50 are based on the following passage. Many private institutions of higher education around the country are in danger. Not all will be saved, and perhaps not all deserve to be saved. There are low-quality schools just as there are low-quality businesses. We have no obligation to same them simply because they exist. But many thriving institutions that deserve to continue are threatened. They are doing a fine job educationally, but they are caught in a financial squeeze, with now way to reduce rising cost or increase revenues significantly. Raising tuition doesn’t bring in more revenue, for each time tuition goes up, the enrollment goes down, or the amount that must be given away in student aid goes up. Schools are bad businesses, whether public or private, not usually because of mismanagement but because of the nature of the enterprise. They lose money on every customer, and they can go bankrupt either from too few students or too many students. Even a very good college is a very bad business. It is such colleges, thriving but threatened, I worry about low enrollment is not their chief problem. Even with full enrollments, they may go under. Effects to save them and preferably to keep them private, are national necessities. There is no basis for arguing that private schools are inherently better than public schools. Examples to the contrary abound. Anyone can name state universities and colleges that rank as the finest in the nation and the world. It is now inevitable that public institutions will be dominant , and therefore diversity is a national necessity. Diversity in the way we support schools tends to give us a healthy diversity in the forms of education. In an imperfect society such as ours, uniformity of education throughout the nation could be dangerous. In an imperfect society, diversity is a positive good . Ardent supporters of public higher education know the importance of sustaining private higher education.
C. too many students D. the nature of schools 48. The author used the phrase “go under” in the third paragraph to mean _____. A. get into difficulties B. have low enrollment C. have low tuition D. bring in more money 49. We have reasonably conclude from the passage that the author made an appeal to the public in order to support _____. A. public institutions B. private schools C. uniformity of education D. equality of education 50. Which of the following is not mentioned ? A. High-quality private schools deserve to be saved. B. If the tuition is raised, the enrollment goes down. C. There are many cases that public schools are better than private schools. D. Private schools have more money than public schools. Part Three Translation (30 points) Section A Directions: In this section , there is a passage in English. Translate the passage into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points ) Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs? Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don’t appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations --trucking, financial advice, software engineering--have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine. This isn’t to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites(反对技术进步者）whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms , but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting. Technology will improve society in ways big or small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable. Section B Directions: Translate the following paragraph into English. (15 points) 中国发展已经取得了巨大的成就， 但我们清楚地认识到， 中国还是最大的发展中国家， 人均国内生产总值(per capita GDP)在世界排名不高， 科技水平与发达国家有较大差距。 经济正在进行提质增效， 但仍然存在着很多制约发展的体制和机制(systemic and institutional) 障碍。 中国要实现更大更好的发展， 到21世纪中叶进入中等发达国家行列， 关键是坚持走改革创新之路， 进一步解放思想， 把人民群众的创造潜能充分激发出来， 使整个社会充满生机活力， 形成支撑发展源源不断的动力。 Part Four Writing (15 points) Jaywalking, a commonplace phenomenon in our country, is nicknamed “Chinese-style road crossing” by netizens. Beijing began imposing fines on non-motor vehicles and pedestrians that defy red lights. Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Should We Curb Jaywalking by Imposing Fines? You are to write in three parts. In the first part, state clearly what your view is. In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, language and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks. |
