华慧考博:5分钟搞懂考博英语中的独立主格结构
构成:“独立主格结构” 由两部分构成,前一部分是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。现在分词表示主动和正在进行,过去分词表示被动和已完成,不定式表示将要发生的动作。
独立主格结构的作用:
1. 其实,虽然叫独立主格结构,并不是真正的独立,它还是一种从属分句,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用。
There being nothing else to do, they gone away.
由于无事可做,他们离开了。(代词+-ing;表原因)
Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.
王老师走进教室,手里拿着书。(无动词结构;表伴随)
The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.
老人坐在椅子上,闭着眼睛。(名词+-ed;表状态)
Class over, we began to play basketball.
放学了,我们开始玩篮球。(名词+副词;表时间)
The last guest to arrive, our party was started.
最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会开始了。(名词+不定式;表时间)
2. 独立主格结构还可以转化成状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换成状语从句后,有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致。如:
If time permits, we’d better have a rest at this weekend. →Time permitting, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.
如果时间允许,本周末我们最好休息一下。
独立主格结构与独立成分的区别:
1. 有的分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有:generally speaking、frankly speaking、judging from、supposing等。如:
Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的来说,这个规则很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl.
根据他所说的,她一定是一个诚实的女孩。
2. 有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场和态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be honest、to be sure、to tell you the truth、to cut a long story short、to be frank、to make the matter worse等。如:
To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.
说实话,我在会上说的并不是我的意见。
To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car.
更糟糕的是,他把钥匙锁在车里了。
独立主格结构与 with/without复合结构的区别:
1. with/without复合结构“with/without+宾语+宾语补足语”的宾补可以是形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词(表主动)、过去分词(表被动)、不定式(表将来)。with/without复合结构在句中作原因或伴随状语,还可以作定语。
2. “with/without +宾语+宾语补足语”结构可以在句中作状语,相当于一个状语从句。此时,作用与独立主格类似。如:
He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.
= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.
他不喜欢开着窗户睡觉。
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
= Our school looks even more beautiful if /when all the lights are on.
所有的灯都打开时,我们的学校看上去更美。
3. 但与此同时,“with/without +宾语+宾语补足语”结构,还可以做定语,其功能相当于一个定语从句,如:
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the person) = He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle) = You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.
你可以使用一个瓶颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
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