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21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to____.
A. stress the importance of professional training.
B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.
C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.
D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
22.The word “mania”(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means____.
A. fun B. craze C. hysteria D. excitement
23.According to Ericsson，good memory____.
A. depends on meaningful processing of information.
B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.
D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that____.
A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.
B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.
C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.
D. high achievers owe their Success mostly to nurture.
25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?
A. “Faith will move mountains.” B. “One reaps what one sows.”
C. “Practice makes perfect.” D. “Like father，like son.”
文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，
文章首段主题句是If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.如果你查一下参加2006年世界杯足球锦标赛的每位运动员的出生证明，就极可能发现一个值得注意的奇怪现象：出色的运动员一般出生在一年内的前几个月而不是后几个月。
第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是What might account for this strange phenomenon? 如何解释这一奇怪现象呢?
第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above”. Anders Ericsson是佛罗里达州立大学的心理学教授，他坚信前三种推测不成立。
第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.后来进行的实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的，这些结果与第一次实验的成功一起让Ericsson 得出结论，记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为。
第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是Or，put another way, expert performers–whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming–are nearly always made，not born.换一种方式来说，那些专家级的从业者，无论是记忆力超群者，还是专家级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员，还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生。
不难发现，这篇文章围绕着专家是如何培养出来的来展开。
题目解析：
21.结构题The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to_____.
选项A. stress the importance of professional training.
强调职业培训的重要性。
B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.
突出世界杯中的超级巨星。
C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.
引出如何造就专家表现的主题。
D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
解释为什么一些球队比另外一些球队踢得好。
该题作为结构题将例子“The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players”定位到文章第一段If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.根据结构题方位论原则，找例子对应的论点句。整个第一段都是例子。例子后面相邻的段落，即第二段是对这种现象解释的猜想。因此，我们可以大胆得出结论，文章的结构可能是“分–总”结构，文章主题体现在文章的尾段中。尾段主题句为Or，put another way, expert performers–whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming–are nearly always made，not born.“换一种方式来说，那些专家级的从业者，无论是记忆力超群者，还是专家级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员，还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生。”综上所述，正确答案为C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.引出如何造就专家表现的主题。(补充：文章首段/首句含义是什么?这种提问方式确定答案对应文章的中心思想。)
22.识词题The word “mania”(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means_____.
选项A. fun娱乐 B. craze狂燥，狂热
C. hysteria歇斯底里 D. excitement兴奋
该题将识别的词汇“mania”在文章中定位到第二段What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses：a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skillsb)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer staminac) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，at the annual peak of soccer maniad)none of the above.作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇后面没有任何解释说明或逻辑关系的表达。因此，向前面找平行结构soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，“对足球狂热的父母可能在春天这个一年之中足球狂热的高峰期孕育子女”。因此答案应选B. craze狂燥，狂热。
23.细节题According to Ericsson，good memory_____.
选项A. depends on meaningful processing of information.
依靠有意义的信息处理过程。
B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
由于天生而不是认知练习。
C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.
由基因决定而不是心理因素。
D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
需要立刻反馈并且注意力高度集中。
该题利用“Ericsson”粗略定位到文章第三段Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above”. Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment，nearly 30 years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject，after about 20 hours of training，his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”但是整个段落中没有出现定位词 “good memory” 。继续定位到文章第四段 This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.“后来进行的实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的，这些结果与第一次实验的成功一起让Ericsson 得出结论，记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为。” 选项A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意义的信息处理过程，与定位的语句动作“实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的， Ericsson 得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为”没有任何关联选项B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.由于天生而不是认知练习，与定位的语句动作“实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的， Ericsson 得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为”没有任何关联选项C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.由基因决定而不是心理因素，与定位的语句动作“实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的， Ericsson 得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为”没有任何关联选项D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.需要立刻反馈并且注意力高度集中，与定位的语句动作“实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的， Ericsson 得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为”没有任何关联。该句子与四个选项没有直接联系，作为细节题，定位词所在的句子不能确定答案时，向下继续找信息。下面相邻的句子In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.“换句话说，不管两个人在记忆能力方面表现出来的先天差异有多大，这种差异都会被每个人解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖。” 选项A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意义的信息处理过程，与相关信息句动作“记忆能力的差异会被人的解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖”相关联，动作“依靠信息处理过程”对应于 “被解码信息能力所掩盖”，体现“主动被动替换”的关系选项B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.由于天生而不是认知练习，与相关信息句动作“记忆能力的差异会被人的解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖”没有任何关联选项C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.由基因决定而不是心理因素，与相关信息句动作“记忆能力的差异会被人的解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖”没有任何关联选项D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.需要立刻反馈并且注意力高度集中，与相关信息句动作“记忆能力的差异会被人的解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意义的信息处理过程。
24.细节题Ericsson and his colleagues believe that_____.
选项A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.
天赋是职业成功的决定因素。
B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.
生物表格中的数据是出色表现的关键。
C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.
天赋的作用被忽略了。
D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.
卓越的成功者将其成功归咎与后天的培育。
该题利用定位词“Ericsson and his colleagues”定位到文章尾段Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer.They gather all the data they can，not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiment with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or，put another way, expert performers–whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming–are nearly always made，not born.题目明确提问他们得出的结论是什么?因此段落中，段尾句Or，put another way, expert performers–whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming–are nearly always made，not born.“换一种方式来说，那些专家级的从业者，无论是记忆力超群者，还是专家级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员，还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生。” 选项A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success. 天赋是职业成功的决定因素，与相关信息句动作“专家级从业者几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的”完全相悖选项B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.生物表格中的数据是出色表现的关键，与相关信息句动作“专家级从业者几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的”没有任何关联选项C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.天赋的作用被忽略了，与相关信息句动作“专家级从业者几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的”没有任何关联选项D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.卓越的成功者将其成功归咎与后天的培育，与相关信息句动作“专家级从业者几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的”完全对应。因此，正确答案为D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.卓越的成功者将其成功归咎与后天的培育。
25.主旨题Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?
选项A. “Faith will move mountains” 精诚所至，金石为开。
B. “One reaps what one sows” 一份耕耘，一份收获。
C. “Practice makes perfect” 熟能生巧。
D. “Like father，like son” 有其父必有其子。
作为主旨题要明确找到文章每个段落的主题句。经过前面四道题目的定位和分析理解不难发现文章的结构为“分–总”，文章的主题体现在尾段的主题句中。因此，相关信息句仍然是段尾句Or，put another way, expert performers–whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming–are nearly always made，not born.“换一种方式来说，那些专家级的从业者，无论是记忆力超群者，还是专家级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员，还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生。” 因此，正确答案为C. “Practice makes perfect” 熟能生巧。(补充：本题目作为主旨题也可以用中心统一原则提炼的确定各段内容方向的语句来确定答案。)
全文翻译如果你查一下参加2006年世界杯足球锦标赛的每位运动员的出生证明，就极可能发现一个值得注意的怪现象：出色的足球运动员往往出生在一年内的前几个月而不是后几个月。如果你再查一下为世界杯和职业球队输送球员的欧洲国家青年队的出生证明，你就会发现这一现象更加明显。
如果何解释这一怪现象呢?这里有几种猜测：1)某些星象迹象赋予这些人出色的球技2)冬天出生的孩子氧容量高，因此踢足球的耐力好3)对足球狂热的父母更可能在春天这个一年之中足球狂热的高峰期孕育子女4)以上猜测都不成立。
Anders Ericsson是佛罗里达州立大学的心理学教授，他坚信前三种推测均不成立。Ericsson在瑞典长大，开始时学习核工程，直到他意识到如果自己改学心理学，就会有更多的机会进行自己的研究。大约30年前他做了第一个实验，与记忆力相关：训练一个人听，然后复述一组随机的数字。他回忆到：“在经过大约20个小时的训练后，第一个受试者的数字记忆跨度从7个上升至20个，他不断地进步，在经过大约200个小时的训练后，他记忆的数字超过了80个。”
后来进行的实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的，这些结果与第一次实验的成功一起让Ericsson得出结论，记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为，不如说是一种认知行为。换句话说，不管两个人的记忆能力方面表现出来的先天差异有多大，这些差异都会被每个人解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖。Ericsson认为，学习有意义地解码信息的好方式就是一个被称为“有意练习”的过程。“有意练习”需要的不仅仅是简单的重复一项任务，而是要确立特定目标，获得即时反馈，既关注结果又关注技巧。
因而，Ericsson和他的同事开始研究不同领域的技艺精湛的从业者，包括足球运动员。他们收集所有能够得到的数据，不仅是他们的表现数据，个人生活细节内容，还包括对于那些取得大成就的人的实验研究结果。他们的研究结论令人吃惊：我们对通常认为的天赋评价过高。换一种方式来说，那些专家级的从业者，无论记忆力超群者，还是专家级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的。
Text 2
For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn VOS Savant.Who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years oldthat gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences.among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is 100) as，What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified，and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford?Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars. they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web.Superhigh scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions，but under high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership–that is, it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.
26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?
A. Answering philosophical questions.
B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.
C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.
D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.
C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s because____.
A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.
D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that____.
A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.
B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.
C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.
D. traditional tests are out of date.
30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?
A. Supportive B. Skeptical C. Impartial D. Biased
文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，
文章首段主题句是For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“ Ask Marilyn”. 在过去的几年里，周日增刊Parade报纸中有一个特写专栏“向Marilyn提问”。
第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. 显然，智力所包含的远不只是测试中的分数。
第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数。
第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.Robert J.Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。
不难发现，这篇文章围绕着测试智商和智商数来展开。
题目解析：
26.细节题Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?
选项A. Answering philosophical questions.
回答哲学问题。
B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.
将纸折或剪成不同形状。
C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.
区分特定概念的差别。
D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
选择与给定内容相同的字或图。
该题利用定位词“intelligence test”定位到文章第一段IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences.among other similar tasks.“智商测试要求你完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后和剪裁之后的形状，推断数字顺序以及其他的一些类似的任务。” 选项A. Answering philosophical questions.回答哲学问题，与相关信息句动作“完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后的形状，推断数字顺序等”没有任何关联选项B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.将纸折或剪成不同形状，与相关信息句动作“完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后的形状，推断数字顺序等”没有任何关联选项C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.区分特定概念的差别，与相关信息句动作“完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后的形状，推断数字顺序等”没有任何关联选项D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.选择与给定内容相同的字或图，与相关信息句动作“完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后的形状，推断数字顺序等”相关联，动作“择与给定内容相同的字或图”对应于“想象纸在折叠之后的形状”体现“同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.选择与给定内容相同的字或图。
27.细节题What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
选项A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
人们不再用智商值表示智力了。
B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.
网上有更多版本的智商测试。
C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的。
D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
科学家已经定义了人类智力的重要因素。
该题利用定位词“intelligence testing”定位到文章第三段The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web.Superhigh scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests.段落中前两句提到了定位词“intelligence testing”。第一句The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数。” 选项A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.人们不再用智商值表示智力了，与该句的动作“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数”没有任何关联选项B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.网上有更多版本的智商测试，与该句的动作“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数”没有任何关联选项C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的，与该句的动作“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数”没有任何关联选项D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.科学家已经定义了人类智力的重要因素，与该句的动作“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数”似乎有关联，但是句子叙述到“定义智商的是智商数”，而该选项叙述到“定义人类智力的重要因素”，显然完全没有联系。该句与四个选项没有直接关系作为细节题向下继续判断相关信息句。第二句The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).“测试主要有两种形式：一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)。” 选项A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.人们不再用智商值表示智力了，与相关信息句动作“测试主要有两种形式，一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)”没有任何关联选项B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.网上有更多版本的智商测试，与相关信息句动作“测试主要有两种形式，一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)”没有任何关联选项C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的，与相关信息句动作“测试主要有两种形式，一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)”相关联，动作“成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的”对应于“两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本”选项D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.科学家已经定义了人类智力的重要因素与相关信息句动作“测试主要有两种形式，一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的。
28.细节题People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s because_____.
选项A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
分数值是经过不同的计算程序获得的。
B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
强调的是创造力而不是分析能力。
C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.
Vos Savant的案例是个极端的案例而且不会重复。
D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
智商测试的特色已经发生了变化。
该题利用定位词“IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s”定位到文章第三段Super high scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.“像vos Savant那样的超高分数不可能再出现了，这是因为现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值。” 选项A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.分数值是经过不同的计算程序获得的，与相关信息句动作“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值”相关联，动作“分数值是经过不同的计算程序获得的”对应于“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的”，体现“同意替换”的关系选项B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.强调的是创造力而不是分析能力，与相关信息句动作“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值”没有任何关联选项C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.Vos Savant的案例是个极端的案例而且不会重复，与相关信息句动作“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值”没有任何关联选项D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.智商测试的特色已经发生了变化，与相关信息句动作“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.分数值是经过不同的计算程序获得的。
29.推断题We can conclude from the last paragraph that_____.
选项A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.
测试值不能可靠的反映一个人的能力。
B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.
智商值和SAT的结果是紧密关联的。
C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.
测试包括许多猜测。
D. traditional tests are out of date.
传统测试已经过时了。
该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的最后一段的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，文章尾段 Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions，but under high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership–that is, it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.段落中间没有转折词，段落尾句Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.“任何一个考过SAT的人都可以证实，考试技巧也是有关系的，要知道何时猜测，要跳过什么问题。”明确是细节。 因此，段落的主题句为段首句Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.“Robert J.Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。” 选项A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.测试值不能可靠的反映一个人的能力，与相关信息句动作“这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”相关联，动作“测试值不能可靠的反映一个人的能力”对应于“不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”，体现“同意替换”的关系选项B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.智商值和SAT的结果是紧密关联的，与相关信息句动作“这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”没有任何关联选项C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.测试包括许多猜测，与相关信息句动作“这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”没有任何关联选项D. traditional tests are out of date.传统测试已经过时了，与相关信息句动作“这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”没有任何关联。 因此，正确答案为A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.测试值不能可靠的反映一个人的能力。
30.主旨题What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?
选项A. Supportive支持的 B. Skeptical 怀疑的
C. Impartial 不偏不倚的 D. Biased 偏见的
该题作为主旨题表示作者观点态度的题目，要明确找到文章尾段的主题句或者倒数第二段的主题句。文章尾段主题句为Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.“Robert J.Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。”可见，作者的态度是不确定的， 因此，正确答案为B. Skeptical 怀疑的。
全文翻译在过去的几年里，周日增刊Parade报纸有一个名为“向玛里琳提问”的特写专栏。人们被邀请向Marilyn vos Aavant提问，她在10岁时就参加了大约23岁人的智力测试，得出智商为228，那是有记录以来的最高分。智商测试让你完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后和剪裁之后的样子，推论数字顺序以及其他一些类似的任务。因此当Savant即时回复来自普通人的一些问题时有点儿令人困惑，这些问题诸如：爱和喜欢之间的区别是什么?运气和巧合的本质是什么?而那种想象物体和计算数字模式的能力如何让人能够回答连一些好的诗人和哲学家都避之惟恐不及的问题，这还不够明朗。
显然，智力所包含的远不只是测试中的分数。那么聪明意味着什么呢?智力中有多大比例能够详细进行解释呢?我们又能够从神经学、遗传学、计算机科学和其他领域对智力了解多少呢?
虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，对人类智力进行定义的仍然是智商数。测试主要采用两种形式：一种是斯坦福–比奈智力量表，一种是温切斯勒智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)。尽管这两种测试的改编版在书店和互联网上占有一席之地，它们通常只由心理学家进行测试，花费为几百美元。像vos Savant那样的超高分数不再可能出现，这是因为现在的计分建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数学的基础上，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以胜利年龄再乘以100。其他一些标准化考试，如SAT和GRE，借鉴了智商测试的主要方面。
Robert J .Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。在他的“智商测试有多明智”一文中，Sternberg指出传统的考试很好地评价了分析和语言能力，而没有评估创造力和实践知识，而后者对解决问题和在生活中取得成功至关重要。此外，一旦人口或环境发生改变，智商测试就测得不准确了。研究表明当智商测试在压力小的环境下进行时，它能？领导能力。当智商测试在压力大的环境下进行时，智商与领导力负相关，即它？的内容正好相反。任何一个考过SAT的人都可以证实，考试技巧也是有关系的，要知道何时猜测，要跳过什么问题。
Text 3
During the past generation，the American middle.class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip，a bad diagnosis，or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications Of these changes.but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two.paycheck status.As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back.up earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This “added worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather。bad times.But today，a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers，airline employees，and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates，stock market fluctuation，and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a Savings account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.For younger families，the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers，with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family，as the odds of having a weak elderly parent–and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.
31.Today’s double income families are at greater financial risk in that____.
A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.
B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.
C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.
D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.
32.As a result of President Bush’s reform，retired people may have____.
A. a higher sense of security. B. less secured payments.
C. less chance to invest. D. a guaranteed future.
33.According to the author, health savings plans will____.
A. help reduce the cost of healthcare. B. popularize among the middle class.
C. compensate for the reduced pensions. D. increase the families’ investment risk.
34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that____.
A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.
B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.
C. financial problems may bring about political problems.
D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.
35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?
A. The Middle Class on the Alert B. The Middle Class on the Cliff
C. The Middle Class in Conflict D. The Middle Class in Ruins